microRNAs are small, endogenous, post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. A single microRNA may potentially regulate several hundred protein-coding genes, and recent estimates suggest approximately 60% of human protein-coding genes are regulated by microRNAs. Changes in microRNA expression patterns are linked to profound effects on cellular phenotype and microRNAs have an emerging role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. This presentation will describe the regulation of microRNA expression by Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1, a key cytokine with pivotal roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, motility and adhesion. Consistent with these roles, Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 expression is a frequent observation in fibrosis-driven pathology. In this context, I will discuss data from our laboratory focusing on the role of miR-192 in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic kidney disease.