Protracted sitting with limited or no mobility can increase the risk of blood pooling and coagulation which increase the risk of thrombosis. A decrease in venous return due to pooling can result in hypotension, dizziness or actual fainting. Folkow et al (1970) reported that dynamic exercise i.e. rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle can evoke elevated venous outflow that may act to ameliorate pooling. Furthermore, Shoemaker & Hughson (1999) suggest that such a ‘muscle pump’ is an important mechanism of increased blood flow. Electrically-evoked, is considered inferior to voluntary evoked contractions in producing venous flow whilst requiring high currents and can be painful. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if rhythmical non-painful electrical stimulation applied to the sole of the foot could activate the muscle pump evidenced by increased peak femoral venous blood velocity. Eighteen healthy volunteers gave informed consent to participate in the study, which had received local ethical committee approval. Quantification of the subjective pain threshold and peak blood velocity (BV) at 10% plantar flexion maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was determined prior to the protocol. Subjects then sat in a chair resting for 5 mins. In the final minute, recordings (PRE) of femoral vein velocity (Doppler) and digital blood pressure (BP; mmHg) were obtained. Subjects then sat still for a further 40 minutes (STASIS) in order to produce pooling in the lower limbs. Following this period, electrical stimulation of the sole (50% of pain threshold) of both feet was performed for 10 min (STIM). Measurements of BV and BP were made in the final minute of STASIS and STIM. Students paired t-test were performed between conditions and corrected for multiple comparisons (Tukey). BV was significantly greater during STIM (52.9±4.3 cm/s; P<0.001) and 10% MVC (32.0±5.0 cm/s; P<0.001) compared to PRE (7.0±0.6 cm/s). The increase in peak venous BV between PRE and 10% MVC was greater than that between PRE and STIM. Mean blood pressure (MBP) showed no change during STASIS (106±3 mmHg) vs. PRE (105±4 mmHg) but showed significant elevation during STIM (112±3 mmHg) vs. PRE (P<0.001) and STASIS (P<0.001). Thus, cutaneous stimulation of the sole of the foot produced a muscle contraction equivalent to 54.6% of a 10% MVC in terms of BV. Hence, non-painful electrical stimulation delivered to the sole was adequate to evoke an increase in BV and MBP that may relate to the degree of pooling amelioration.
King's College London (2009) Proc Physiol Soc 14, PC37
Poster Communications: The effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation of the sole of the foot on peak femoral vein velocity and mean blood pressure during protracted sitting.
S. Hunter1, D. A. Green2, P. Sumners1
1. Sport and Exercise Science, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom. 2. Department of Physiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.