The orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste and olfactory cortices, in which the reward value of the taste, smell, sight and texture of food in the mouth is represented, as shown by neuronal recordings (Rolls 2005). The insular (primary) taste cortex combines taste, oral texture, and oral temperature inputs, but not olfactory or visual inputs. The visual and olfactory multimodal representations in the orbitofrontal cortex are built by visual-to-taste and olfactory-to-taste association learning. The ability of different neurons to respond to different combinations of these inputs underlies the basis of flavour. The orbitofrontal cortex neurons only respond to the taste, smell and/or sight of food if hunger is present, that is they represent the reward value of food. Moreover, sensory-specific satiety is implemented in the orbitofrontal cortex. With human fMRI that builds on these foundations, it has been shown that the reward value of food, and its subjective correlate, the pleasantness of the flavor of food, is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex. Olfactory and taste inputs can combine non-linearly in the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex to produce a representation of umami flavour from glutamate taste and a savoury odour. This leads to the concept that umami can be thought of as a delicious flavour, made delicious by a combination of a glutamate taste and a corresponding savoury odour, which are brought together only in and after the secondary taste and olfactory cortices in the brain. The human taste, olfactory, and food flavor system in the orbitofrontal cortex and pregenual cingulate cortex can be modulated by cognitive word-level descriptors of a food being delivered, showing that cognitive effects important in the control of food intake can modulate neural processing at the first stage of the cortical processing at which the reward value and pleasantness is made explicit in the representation. Moreover, paying attention to the pleasantness of a taste or flavor enhances processing in brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, whereas paying attention to intensity enhances processing in brain regions such as the insular taste cortex. It has also been shown that individual differences in the liking of foods can be predicted from the brain responses to the food, as an fMRI study in chocolate cravers vs non-cravers showed. The orbitofrontal cortex projects to other brain regions such as the hypothalamus which are important in the control of food intake, providing the sensory signals that are modulated by hunger vs satiety signals. This approach has implications for understanding the mechanisms of obesity. The orbitofrontal cortex also projects to medial prefrontal cortex area 10, important in probabilistic decision-making.