Coordinated modulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity is required for physiological regulation of tissue function. Anatomically, whilst the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways are separate, the distribution of premotor neurons in the higher brain regions often overlaps. This co-distribution would enable coordinated regulation and might suggest individual premotor neurons could project to both sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows. To investigate this we exploited the anatomical organization of the innervation of the submandibular gland in Sprague Dawley rats. Under anaesthesia by inhalation of isoflurane, with surgical anaesthesia assessed by loss of the pedal withdrawal and corneal reflexes, the submandibular gland on one side was sympathectomized. One strain of pseudorabies virus (1), expressing a red fluorescent protein (PRV614), was injected into the cut sympathetic nerve. An isogenic strain of pseudorabies, expressing a green fluorescent protein (PRV152), was directly injected into the sympathectomized submandibular gland. The rat’s wound was sutured and they were left to recover in their home cage. After 52 – 96 hours the rats were deeply anaesthetized (sodium pentobarbitone, 100 mg/kg i.p.) and perfused transcardially with saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains, spinal cords, peripheral ganglia and the submandibular gland were removed and prepared for standard immunohistochemical examination of the distribution of the fluorophores. Independent labeling of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic neurons was a strict requirement for inclusion in further analysis. In 4 animals the distribution of fluorescently-labelled neurons was examined throughout the neuraxis. The distribution showed a high correlation with previous studies that separately examined the sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland (2,3). Dual-labeled neurons were observed in many CNS regions known to be involved in regulating salivary function. Triple-labelling immunohistochemistry showed that specific populations of serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons contained dual-labelled neurons. We propose these observations highlight a common pattern of organization of the CNS, where neurons with axon collateral project to different output pathways having complementary functions. These neurons provide the anatomical framework for the fine control of organ function required for homeostatic regulation and the coordination of organ responses to enable complex behaviours.