In the UK, outdoor swimming is an increasingly popular leisure activity. Rewarming techniques following swim events vary, from no rewarming provision other than changing facilities, the option of gentle exercise when changed and also the provision of warm jacuzzi baths are common. It was hypothesised that rewarming following swimming in cold water would be most rapid in the warm bath and exercise and shivering would be slower. In addition, it was hypothesized that thermal comfort and an indication to end the warm bath rewarming would be related to increases in skin temperature and blood flow rather than rectal temperature (Tre) rewarming. Twelve participants (9 males, 3 females) gave informed consent to participate in this ethically approved study. Each participant performed self-paced (skins) swimming on three occasions in a swimming flume (water temperature 15 °C) and rewarmed following a balanced Latin square design using: clothed seated shivering Control (20 °C air temperature); clothed treadmill exercise (20 °C air temperature, walking at 2.5 km.hr-1 for 10 min increasing to 3.5 km.hr-1 thereafter), and a warm bath 38-40 °C. Tre, expired gases, heart rate and visual analog scales were measured throughout the cooling and rewarming phases. Finger skin blood flow and mean unweighted skin temperatures (upper arm, chest, thigh and shin) during the rewarming phase. Participants were asked to indicate when they felt they were warm enough to stop the rewarming protocol. Rewarming was continued until Tre had returned to within 0.3 °C of the baseline. The deep body rewarming rate was faster in the warm bath (mean [SD] 1.55 [0.93] °C.hr-1) compared to the Control (0.66 [0.22] °C.hr-1 p=0.012) and the exercise condition (1.50 [0.56] °C.hr-1 p=0.001). The release of vasoconstriction occurred at a significantly lower Tre during the warm bath (36.28 [0.31] °C), than during exercise (36.68 [0.63] °C p=0.047), or Control (36.73 [0.47] °C, p=0.036), and at a significantly higher skin temperature during the warm bath (33.24 [1.45] °C) compared to Control (30.83 [0.86°] C, p<0.001) and exercise (30.45 [1.30] °C, p=0.004). Participants indicated that they were warm enough to halt the rewarm protocol at lower Tre in the rewarming bath (36.30 [0.32] °C) than exercise (37.04 [0.44] °C, p=0.022) or Control (36.84 [0.44] °C p<0.001). During bath rewarming, the release of vasoconstrictor tone occurs in response to increasing skin temperature, despite a reduced Tre. This may be due to the lag in Tre. However, in a ‘field’ setting, using warm baths to rewarm cold water swimmers may result in premature cessation of the rewarming protocol due to the increase in skin temperature and concomitant return of thermal comfort prior to Tre rewarming.
Extreme Environmental Physiology (University of Portsmouth, UK) (2019) Proc Physiol Soc 44, C44
Oral Communications: Rewarming methods following cold water swimming
H. Massey1, M. Tipton1
1. Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
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Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.