Anatomical and imaging studies have implicated the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and thalamus in micturition control. The present in vivo electrophysiological study, investigates (i) the contribution of the mPFC and thalamus in the control of micturition in the anaesthetised female rat, compared with (ii) the role of the mPFC in “executive decision making” in the micturition behaviour of the awake-behaving rat. (i) Female Sprague-Dawley rats (230-280g; n = 6) were initially anaesthetised with isoflurane (50%N2O:50%O2) and then maintained with urethane (1.2 g kg-1, i.v.). Multiple single-unit and local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded simultaneously from the mPFC and thalamus using microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Bladder contractions were monitored and evoked by infusion (0.1 ml min-1) of saline into the bladder. (ii) Awake-behaving studies were conducted on female Sprague Dawley rats (230-280g; n = 2) and male Lister-hooded rats (350-400g; n = 4) receiving MEA implants. Combined electrophysiological and video recordings were undertaken to monitor micturition on a daily basis over a number of weeks; on completion the individuals were anaesthetised and prepared in order to monitor saline-evoked bladder as above. All experiments were performed, in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 UK. Multiple single-unit and LFP activity correlated to bladder contractions following saline infusion were identified within the anterior cingulate gyrus of the mPFC and thalamus in the anaesthetized female rat. In the awake-behaving study comparisons were made between pre- and post-void conditions and demonstrated altered LFP activity in power spectral density and partial-directed coherence (PDC) analysis. This electrophysiological study demonstrates the involvement of the mPFC and thalamus in the control of micturition in the rat, and revealed a disparity in response reflecting anaesthetic state.