Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the human foetal heart reveals its myocardial architecture

Physiology 2016 (Dublin, Ireland) (2016) Proc Physiol Soc 37, PCA060

Poster Communications: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the human foetal heart reveals its myocardial architecture

M. Tang1, A. V. Holden1,2, R. A. Anderson3, E. Pervolaraki1,2

1. School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. 2. Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Leeds, United Kingdom. 3. MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

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The normal cardiac development of the human foetal heart is poorly described quantitatively. Animal and cell models have been used in the past to describe cardiac physiology; however their developmental processes and cellular properties have not been in complete agreement with human development requiring further optimisations. In this study, we have used human datasets to study foetal cardiac (specifically ventricular) changes occurring during gestation. Human foetal hearts were obtained from elective termination of pregnancy, with informed written parental consent. Temporary storage followed by imaging of the hearts was in premises licensed by the 2004 Human Tissues Act (UK) and all protocols had ethical committee approval. We apply magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with a contrast agent (gadolinium; Gd-DTPA) and specialised protocols to visualise the ex vivo human foetal heart at different gestational stages at high resolution. Hearts were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and immersed in Fomblin prior to MRI scanning. 3D Fast Low Angle Shot (FLASH) MRI was used to obtain detailed geometry of foetal hearts ranging from 90 to 143 days of gestational age (DGA) with isotropic cubic voxels 0.05mm3, 300 averages, echo time = 5.3ms, repetition time = 15ms and a flip angle of 30 degrees. Scanning time was an average of 120 hours per heart. All acquisitions took place in a Bruker BioSpin 9.4T vertical MRI/S system. All the 3D reconstructed hearts showed a clear laminar alignment of local tissue architecture within the foetal ventricles. Images analysed with Seg3D (https://www.sci.utah.edu/) and Osirix (http://www.osirix-viewer.com/) demonstrated that the direction of maximum image contrast (as illustrated via the use of Gd-DTPA) corresponds to the direction of the tertiary eigenvector of the measured diffusion tensor i.e. the normal to the sheet architecture direction [1]. FLASH MRI has confirmed the orientation of foetal ventricular myocytes and visualised their sheet directions and distributions. The concentric architecture observed in DT MRI [1] is also observed here with a 4-fold higher resolution. FLASH MRI confirms the early isotropy and the later development of anisotropy in the human foetal heart. Average fractional anisotropy of a human foetal ventricular myocardium at 100DGA is 0.1 and at 143DGA is 0.6, with smooth transmural changes developing after 126DGA.



Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.

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