Introduction Primary dysmenorrhoea (PD) describes a recurrent, cyclical, cramp-like pain that occurs around the onset of menstruation in the absence of any discernible underlying cause and with an unclear pathophysiology. Estimates of prevalence are broad, with anywhere between 16% and 91% of adolescent girls and young women affected. A further 7-15% are estimated to suffer from PD severe enough to affect work, school and socialisation. The typical first-line treatment for PD is prescription of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) mefenamic acid, with oral contraceptives then used if the patient is unresponsive or derives insufficient pain relief. However, accessibility to these pharmaceuticals may be limited in countries with low levels of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), a measure utilised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to quantify countries’ provision of affordable essential healthcare services. Aims & Objectives This poster seeks to establish the efficacy of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical management methods for PD. This may allow improvement of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (a tenet of UHC) to promote access and reduce the burden of this prevalent disease. Understanding of non-pharmaceutical management methods may also prove critical to supplementing conventional pharmaceutical therapies, particularly where they are inaccessible or unaffordable. Methods PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for English-language full-text primary research articles published between October 2015 and October 2020 investigating PD management methods. Inclusion criteria included use of pharmaceuticals, supplements, exercise or education on adolescent girls or women with a diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhoea. The primary exclusion criteria were diagnosis of secondary dysmenorrhoea or any other pelvic pathology, as well as investigation of alternative and complementary medicine, which was defined as any therapy not administered by a healthcare professional or approved by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. The PRISMA guidelines (Moher et al, 2009) and CASP checklists (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2019) were used for screening and appraisal, respectively. Results Of the 1570 primary research articles identified, 23 were included, containing 3155 participants. Management categories included NSAIDs (n=822), contraceptives (n=915), exercise (n=56) and supplements (n=1262). NSAIDs, contraceptives and exercise were largely effective at alleviating PD symptoms, with contraceptives most frequently totally eradicating symptoms. Efficacy of supplements varied, with calcium, Vitamin E and omega-3 presenting the most promising management methods, subject to further rigorous RCTs. Discussion Expansion of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines to include more NSAIDs effective for PD will improve access to pharmacological treatments, thus reducing the social and economic burden of PD. Targets for further research include elucidating the mechanism of action of supplements and focusing research on adolescents, as they are a sizeable subset of the PD population.
Physiology 2021 (2021) Proc Physiol Soc 48, PC014
Poster Communications: Evaluating the Efficacy of Primary Dysmenorrhoea Management Methods and their Accessibility under Universal Health Coverage
Abigail Prescott1, Ourania Varsou1
1 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.