Anatomical evidence in mammals shows that the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) is a key component within wider prefrontal thalamocortical networks. Accordingly, damage to, or disruption of MD function impairs specific types of complex learning and decision making in primates. Yet, the underlying mechanisms behind the influence of MD on the frontal cortex during these higher order cognitive processes remain unknown. In the current study, two male rhesus macaques were trained to perform a touchscreen-based visuo-spatial discrimination learning task prior to having recording chambers implanted above the MD and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). All experimental procedures were approved and conducted under a United Kingdom Home Office Project Licence issued to Dr Mitchell. After recovery, we established the precise coordinates to target the MD and the OFC using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Once the animals had re-established their pre-procedure learning rates, we recorded task related neural activity from the MD and OFC using multi-contact probes that were lowered before each testing session. MD and OFC units were modulated during specific phases of a trial, responding differently to the trial onset, when the visuo-spatial images first appeared on the touchscreen; when the monkey made a response to the touchscreen; and before or after the delivery of the smoothie reward for correct trials. We also observed some MD and OFC units progressively modulated their responses throughout the session, coinciding with improved cognitive performance. Finally, during correct trials, some MD units were phase-locked to OFC local field potentials, suggesting prefrontal thalamocortical interactions support learning. Our preliminary evidence highlights different, but complementary and interactive neural activity between the MD and OFC during learning of a visuo-spatial discrimination task.