Dietary sugars are transported from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes by the sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1). Although expression of SGLT1 is regulated by luminal monosaccharides, the luminal glucose sensor mediating this process was unknown. Here, we show that the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3 and G-protein α-gustducin, expressed in enteroendocrine cells, underlie intestinal sugar sensing and SGLT1 upregulation. Dietary sugars and artificial sweeteners increase SGLT1 expression and glucose absorptive capacity in wild-type mice, but not in T1R3 or α-gustducin knock out mice. We demonstrate that sweeteners acting upon sweet taste receptors stimulate secretion of gut hormones implicated in SGLT1 upregulation.