Previous research has demonstrated that force control in various muscles of the lower limb (measured according to the magnitude of force fluctuations) explains a significant amount of variance in static balance (Davis et al., 2020). Given the dynamic nature of many sports and activities of daily living (Ringhof and Stein, 2018), and the fact that most fall-related events occur under dynamic conditions (Blake et al., 1998), assessment of balance and its determinants under dynamic conditions is of critical importance. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to determine whether muscle force control also explains significant variance in dynamic balance. 20 healthy participants (9 males, 11 females; mean ± SD: age 31.6 ± 12.9 years; height 1.72 ± 0.09 m; body mass 76.7 ± 21.3 kg) provided written informed consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Essex (Ref. ETH2021-0394), and which adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants visit the laboratory on a single occasion during which balance was measured using the Y balance test performance and knee extensor muscle force control were measured was isokinetic dynamometry. The Y balance test involved stance on an elevated central footplate with the right leg and attempting maximal reach along reach indictor pipes with the left leg in the anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions. Force control was assessed during isometric knee extension contractions of the right leg at 10, 20 and 40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and was quantified according to the magnitude of force fluctuations, using the coefficient of variation (CV), and according to the temporal structure of force fluctuations, using approximate entropy (ApEn) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) α. A significant negative correlation was observed for Y balance test anterior reach and muscle force CV during contractions at 40% MVC (r = –0.44, P = 0.05) and a significant positive correlation was observed for anterior reach and muscle force ApEn during contractions at 40% MVC (r = 0.53, P = 0.015). A subsequent stepwise, linear, multiple regression model demonstrated that muscle force CV and ApEn during contractions at 40% MVC significantly explained 32.3% of variance in Y balance test anterior reach. These results are the first to indicate that a moderate amount of variance in dynamic balance can be explained by measures of isometric force control. Based on the purported significance of muscle force CV and ApEn (Pethick et al., 2021) and the Y balance test (Lockie et al., 2013), these results indicate that greater force steadiness and adaptability are associated with greater dynamic balance and stability. Consequently, improving muscle force control should, in theory, result in a predictable improvement in dynamic balance performance; an observation that could be of importance for athletes and those at risk of falls alike.
Biomedical Basis of Elite Performance 2022 (University of Nottingham, UK) (2022) Proc Physiol Soc 49, PC40
Poster Communications: Knee extensor force control as a predictor of dynamic balance
Valerie Gladwell1, Jamie Pethick2, Emily Mear2
1 University of Suffolk 2 University of Essex
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Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.