Research tools to visualise and interrogate the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

Physiology 2021 (2021) Proc Physiol Soc 48, SA15

Research Symposium: Research tools to visualise and interrogate the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

Julia Ast1, 2, David J. Hodson1, 2, Johannes Broichhagen3

1 Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 2 Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom 3 Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany

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Motivation/problem statement: The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is expressed in various tissues such as the brain and pancreas. This class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels and control of appetite. Despite being a major drug target for diabetes and obesity treatment, visualisation of the GLP-1R is limited to antibody detection, genetic manipulation or receptor-activating probes. Methods/procedure/approach: Various fluorophores were fused to Exendin4(9-39) to produce LUXendins. These fluorescent antagonists bind the GLP-1R in live tissue, with specificity confirmed using a novel Glp1r knock-out mouse line and by co-localisation with GLP-1R antibody. A mouse line was also generated expressing SNAP-tagged GLP-1R using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Isolated pancreatic islets of these mice were treated with fluorescent SNAP-tag label to visualise the GLP-1R in situ, followed by receptor activation and trafficking after addition of agonist. Results: LUXendin645 (Cy5) intensely labelled the plasma membrane in live and fixed cells as well as pancreatic islets and brain. Most beta cells within an islet expressed the GLP-1R, whilst only ~5% of alpha cells were LUXendin+, as determined using Ins1Cre;mTmG reporter animals. STED imaging of MIN6 beta-cells labelled with LUXendin651 (SiR) revealed that endogenous GLP1R are organised into nanodomains, and variable diffusion at the plasma membrane was observed using single-molecule light microscopy. Five other LUXendins were also synthesised and tested, spanning green-near infrared spectra, with all variants producing bright membrane labelling of GLP1R. In SNAP_GLP1R knock-in mice, fluorescent SNAP-tag label co-localised with LUXendin and GLP-1R antibody. Thus, this mouse line can be used to visualise the GLP-1R in live tissue without stimulating the receptor. Addition of GLP-1R agonists allowed the monitoring of receptor activation and trafficking in situ. SNAP_GLP1R knock-in mice had normal body weight and responded to glucose like their wild type littermates. Conclusion/implications: LUXendins can be used in live tissue and be fixed to label endogenous GLP-1R and allows to study the receptor using confocal, two-photon and super-resolution microscopy in situ or in vivo. While LUXendins act as antagonists, linking fluorophores or dyes to SNAP_GLP-1R of the knock-in mouse line does not interfere with receptor activity and allows labelling post-fixation.   All animal research complied with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 of the U.K. Approval was granted by the University of Birmingham’s Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body.



Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.

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