Antarctic Dome-A(80°22′02″S, 77°22′23″E) is a place of extreme cold and hypoxia, with average altitude of 4000m and average temperature -58.4 degree Centigrade. We investigated the effect of Dome-A environment on the cardiovascular function and its hormones regulation of the 28th Chinese Antarctic Inland expedition, so as to providing scientific data for making measures of prevention and cure of mountain sick. This study was approved by Institutional Review Boards of the Peking Union Medical College, Informed consent was obtained from each participant after the study objectives and data collection procedures had been fully explained. Using Cardiodynamics monitor to detect cardiovascular function of the 25 members (male, average age 33.9±6.7yr) of the expedition at departure from Shanghai, stayed 2 weeks at Kunlun Station and returned to Shanghai (2012/3/30), synchronously collecting blood sample. Plasma erythropoietin (EPO), angiotensin II (ANG II), brain natriuretic peptide(BNP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and endothelin (ET-1) were measured by ELISA. Compared with departure, the heart rate(HR), systolic pressure(SBP), diastolic pressure(DBP), mean arterial pressure(MAP), systemic vascular resistance(SVR) and resistance index(SVRI) significantly increased, the stroke volume(SV), stroke index(SI), cardiac output(CO), cardiac index(CI), velocity index(VI), acceleration index(ACI), left ventricular ejection time(LVET) significantly decreased at Dome-A. Two weeks exposure to the hypoxia and extreme cold environment at Dome-A induced significant decrease in cardiac function. HR and left ventricular work (LCW) increased so as to offset the reduction in SV and arterial oxygen saturation. However, this may further increase the oxygen consumption of cardiomyocyte and increase the risk of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Although obvious changes in cardiac function were observed in expeditioners, no significant change in plasma ANP, BNP, ANGII, BNP and EPO was observed during residence at Dome A. It might be that the exposure time of Chinese expeditioners to Dome A is too short to induce obvious changes in vasoactive peptide. Upon their return to Shanghai, DBP, MAP, CO, CI, SV, SI, VI and ACI remain at lower levels; SVR, SVRI remain at higher levels comparing with departure. Our data suggested that cardiac function significantly decreased after 2 weeks exposure to Dome A. Moreover, cardiac deadaptation process existed 1 month after return to Shanghai. Thus, further monitoring of cardiac function in inland expeditioners is needed after evacuation from Dome A environment .