Abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism may result in obesity – a lifestyle disease which prevalence increases. The metabolism is regulated, among others, by various peptides. One of them is adropin, a product of Enho gene (Energy Homeostasis Associated), which expression occurs, for instance, in the liver and brain (1). Previous studies indicate that adropin contributes to the modulation of body mass as well as glucose and lipid metabolism (2). In contrast to white adipose tissue which unhealthy expansion may lead to adiposity (3), brown adipose tissue activation ameliorates glucose homeostasis (4). However, the potential role of adropin on rat primary brown preadipocyte biology was unknown. Therefore, our research aimed to evaluate the effects of adropin on rat primary brown preadipocytes, their proliferation and differentiation. For this purpose interscapular brown fat tissue was collected from male Wistar rats. BrdU incorporation was measured to assess cell proliferation. Moreover, cells were differentiated with adropin, and the expression of adipogenic genes (C/ebpα, C/ebpβ, Pparγ, Prdm16) was studied by real-time PCR. Data was analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test, and results are shown as mean ± SEM. All experiments were conducted at least two times. We found that the proliferation of rat primary brown preadipocytes was stimulated after incubation (24 h) with adropin 10 nmol/l (1.05±0.06) and 100 nmol/l (1.43±0.04) vs. 0.79±0.04. The effects were also observed after 48 h of incubation [adropin 10 nmol/l (0.49±0.06), 100 nmol/l (0.63±0.06 vs. 0.31±0.04 OD 450–690 nm, p<0.05]. Adropin suppressed the expression of adipogenic genes (cells were collected 7 days after the onset of differentiation process). Adropin (10 and 100 nmol/l) downregulated the expression of C/ebpα (0.73±0.06 and 0.69±0.1 vs. 1.04±0.07, p<0.05, respectively). Adropin (10 nmol/l) decreased the expression of C/ebpβ (0.43±0.02 vs. 0.58±0.04, p<0.05). Furthermore, similar effects were observed in the expression of Pparγ (adropin 10 nmol/l  1.62±0.25 and 100 nmol/l 1.33±0.38 vs. 3.20±0.44), and Prdm16 (adropin 10 nmol/l 0.15±0.04 and 100 nmol/l 0.10±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.09, p<0.05). These results indicate that adropin peptide upregulates the proliferation of rat primary brown preadipocytes. Moreover, adropin contribute to suppression of preadipocyte differentiation. Obtained results suggest that adropin modulates brown adipogenesis.