Resistance exercise training results in increased strength and muscle mass in humans. Repeated and transient spikes in muscle protein synthesis following bouts of resistance exercise results in an increase in skeletal muscle protein and overtime muscle size increases – hypertrophy. Ribosomes are cellular organelles that play an essential role in protein translation and thus protein synthesis. Ribosomes can influence protein synthesis in two ways: 1) the total number of ribosomes (capacity) and 2) how quickly those ribosomes can translate mRNA to proteins (efficiency). Translation capacity can be increased via ribosomal biogenesis to synthesis new ribosome complexes. Current research suggests that translational capacity is an important regulator of hypertrophy e.g. ribosome content increases in synergy to increases in muscle to support the adaptive response to resistance exercise. However, the strongest evidence to support this notion is in rodents. I will discuss our recent work in humans where we demonstrate that following 10 weeks of resistance training the greatest increase in muscle mass was associated with lower changes in ribosome-related gene expression and the individuals that gained the most muscle mass had the lowest ribosome-related gene expression prior to training and had the smallest change following training. Our results suggest that contrary to common dogma in rodents ribosome biogenesis may not be as important in mediating hypertrophic adaptation I humans. More work in deciphering the intricacies of translational capacity versus efficiency in the regulation of muscle hypertrophy in humans is needed.