Adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in metabolic homeostasis, yet the molecular signatures defining distinct adipocyte populations are only beginning to be unveiled. This lecture presents recent advances in the identification of novel adipocyte signature genes, revealed through integrative epigenetic, transcriptomic and single-cell analyses. We explore how these genes distinguish white, beige, and brown adipocytes, shedding light on their specialized functions in energy storage and thermogenesis. Particular attention is given to regulatory pathways, intercellular communication, and implications for obesity and metabolic diseases. Understanding these unique gene signatures opens new avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies in the treatment of metabolic disorders.