Ageing is associated with a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that negatively impacts the independence and quality of life of older individuals. Females demonstrate a distinct pattern of muscle ageing compared to males, potentially due to menopause where endogenous sex hormone production declines. This systematic review aims to investigate the current knowledge about the role of oestrogen in female skeletal muscle ageing. A systematic search of MEDLINE complete, Global Health, Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and CINHAL was completed from inception to 08/11/2022. The systematic review was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines and was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022374366). Studies were considered eligible if they compared a state of oestrogen deficiency (e.g. postmenopausal females) or supplementation (e.g. oestrogen replacement therapy) to normal oestrogen conditions (e.g. premenopausal females or no supplementation). Outcome variables of interest included measures of skeletal muscle mass, function, damage/repair, and energy metabolism. Quality assessment was completed with the relevant Johanna Briggs critical appraisal tool, and data were synthesised in a narrative manner. Thirty-two studies were included in the review. Nineteen studies (59%) had a low risk, 10 studies (31%) had a moderate risk, and three studies had a high risk (9%) of bias. Seventeen studies compared skeletal muscle outcomes in females across different menopausal stages. Overall, they showed that compared to premenopausal females, postmenopausal females display reduced muscle mass and strength, but the effect of menopause on markers of muscle damage and expression of the genes involved in metabolic signalling pathways remains unclear. Of 10 studies that investigated the effect of oestrogen supplementation, some suggest a beneficial effect of oestrogen replacement therapy on muscle size and strength, but evidence is largely conflicting and inconclusive, potentially due to large variations in the reporting and status of exposure and outcomes. The findings from this review points toward a potential negative effect of oestrogen deficiency in ageing skeletal muscle, but further mechanistic evidence is needed to clarify its role.