The Hidden Order Controlling Endothelial Function

Celebrating Physiology in Northern Ireland (Queen’s University Belfast, UK) (2026) Proc Physiol Soc 71, SA09

Research Symposium: The Hidden Order Controlling Endothelial Function

Matthew Lee1, Ruaridh Clark 1, Charlotte Buckley1, Xun Zhang1, Calum Wilson1, John McCarron1

1University of Strathclyde United Kingdom

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The endothelium forms a vast, distributed interface between blood and tissue that continuously integrates mechanical and chemical signals to regulate virtually every cardiovascular function. Endothelial function has traditionally been viewed as arising from a largely uniform population of cells that respond in parallel to external stimuli. Vascular function, it is proposed, reflects the averaged output of equivalent cellular units, with each endothelial cell behaving as a scaled-down representation of the average response of the population. However, this view struggles to explain how coherent vascular responses emerge reliably across space despite pronounced cellular heterogeneity, multiple different simultaneous functional outputs and complex signalling environments. We combine high-resolution calcium imaging with network-based analyses to reveal that endothelial behaviour is governed not by individual cells, but by the structure of their interactions. We show that endothelial signalling forms a highly-organised network characterised by small-world and scale-free properties. Within this architecture, distinct subpopulations of cells play specialised roles. Some act as connectors, linking different groups of cells and integrating signals across the network. Others act as hubs, exerting strong influence within highly coordinated regions. These features enable rapid, robust, and spatially-coordinated signalling to occur. The features also introduce non-linear signalling dynamics, where the relationship between input and output is not proportional but depends on the state of the network. Local changes in activity can be amplified or suppressed through interactions in highly-connected regions. Similar inputs are unaltered in less connected or fragmented areas. As a result, identical stimuli can produce markedly different outcomes depending on how signals are distributed and integrated across the network. This non-linearity gives rise to emergent signalling, where system-level responses arise from the collective interactions of cells rather than from the behaviour of any individual component. Signals are not simply transmitted, but are reshaped, amplified, or dampened by the network through which they propagate. As a result, endothelial responses reflect the organisation of connectivity rather than the properties of individual cells alone. Function, therefore, emerges dynamically from patterns of interaction, enabling coordinated, adaptive and independent multifunctional responses across space. These findings reveal that endothelial behaviour is governed by distributed control arising from local interactions that collectively generate system-level function. Furthermore, they shift the focus from single-cell mechanisms to network architecture as the key determinant of function, stability, and vulnerability in endothelial control. In this framework, there is no central controller; instead, vascular responses arise from a form of collective, network-based intelligence. We propose that the hidden order controlling endothelial function lies in its network architecture, so redefine control as an emergent property of connectivity.



Where applicable, experiments conform with Society ethical requirements.

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